Star life » Howto

Howto: ZeroMQ (ØMQ) & PyZMQ Install Guide

star — Thu, 12 May 2011 03:35:22 +0000

ØMQ \zeromq\:
Ø The socket library that acts as a concurrency framework.
Ø Carries messages across inproc, IPC, TCP, and multicast.
Ø Connect N-to-N via fanout, pubsub, pipeline, request-reply.
Ø Fast enough for clustered products and supercomputing.
Ø Asynch I/O for scalable multicore message-passing apps.
Ø Large and active open source community.
Ø 20+ languages including C, C++, Java, .NET, Python.
Ø Most OSes including Linux, Windows, OS X.
Ø LGPL free software with full commercial support from iMatix.

1. ZeroMQ (ØMQ) Installation
# wget http://download.zeromq.org/zeromq-2.1.6.tar.gz # tar zxvf zeromq-2.1.6.tar.gz # cd zeromq-2.1.6 # ./configure # make # make install # vi /etc/ld.so.conf.d/zmq.conf /usr/local/lib # ldconfig /etc/ld.so.conf

2. PyZMQ Installation
# easy_install-2.6 pyzmq

3. Study ZMQ
消息队列的适用场合 * 可靠传输 * 分布式计算 * 多进程通信

4. 同类产品
ZeroMQ 关注 RabbitMQ(Erlang) 关注 Apache QPID Red Hat Enterprise MRG Fedora AMQP Infrastructure OpenAMQ

Refer to:
1. ZeroMQ Guide
http://zguide.zeromq.org/page:all
2. AMQP和ZeroMQ的分析
https://docs.google.com/present/view?id=df85d3vm_316dbhtg3f7&pli=1

Howto: Transifex Installation and Configuration

star — Wed, 27 Apr 2011 09:04:09 +0000

Translation service: http://www.transifex.net/
Open source software: http://www.transifex.org/

1. Installation (CentOS 5.2 & Python 2.6 & Django 1.2.4)
# easy_install -U transifex Note 1: some related rpm packages will be installed by yum Note 2: the following packages will be installed by python ./Jinja2-2.5.5-py2.6.egg ./Pygments-1.4-py2.6.egg ./PIL-1.1.7-py2.6-linux-i686.egg ./polib-0.6.3-py2.6.egg ./httplib2-0.6.0-py2.6.egg ./userprofile-0.7_r422_correct_validation-py2.6.egg ./Markdown-2.0.3-py2.6.egg ./pycurl-7.19.0-py2.6-linux-i686.egg ./ctypes-1.0.2-py2.6-linux-i686.egg ./transifex-1.0.0-py2.6.egg

2. Configuration for development
# cd /usr/lib/python2.6/site-packages/transifex-1.0.0-py2.6.egg/transifex Note: running the following command by python ./manage.py txcreatedirs # Create necessary directories ./manage.py syncdb # Setup DB tables, create superuser ./manage.py migrate # Setup more DB tables ./manage.py txlanguages # Create a standard set of languages ./manage.py txcreatenoticetypes # Create a standard set of notice types ./manage.py build_static # Copy all the addons files to the static dir

3. Running for development
# cd /usr/lib/python2.6/site-packages/transifex-1.0.0-py2.6.egg/transifex Note: running the following command by python ./manage.py runserver 0.0.0.0:8000 # Start the development server

4. Configuration for apache
# vi /etc/httpd/conf.d/transifex.conf < IfModule !python_module> LoadModule python_module modules/python26-mod_python.so < /IfModule> < Directory "/var/www/manual/mod/python26-mod_python"> < Files *.html> SetHandler default-handler < /Files> < /Directory> < Location "/transifex/"> SetHandler python-program PythonHandler django.core.handlers.modpython SetEnv DJANGO_SETTINGS_MODULE settings PythonOption django.root /transifex PythonDebug On PythonPath "['/usr/lib/python2.6/site-packages/transifex-1.0.0-py2.6.egg/transifex'] + sys.path" < /Location>

Alias /site_media /usr/lib/python2.6/site-packages/transifex-1.0.0-py2.6.egg/transifex/site_media < Directory /usr/lib/python2.6/site-packages/transifex-1.0.0-py2.6.egg/transifex/site_media> Order Deny,Allow Deny from all # Allow from 127.0.0.1 Allow from 192.168.1.0/24 < /Directory>

Note: change some file permission to apache, e.g. the database file and its parent directory.

Refer to:
Installation Guide

Howto: MongoDB Installation Guide

star — Fri, 15 Apr 2011 02:45:00 +0000

MongoDB (from “humongous”) is a scalable, high-performance, open source, document-oriented database, written in C++.

Homepage: http://www.mongodb.org/

1 directory, 14 files
Note: 32-bit builds are limited to around 2GB of data. Recommend 64-bit system.

2. Install the package

Current servers:
server1(192.168.1.67):
shard1: /home/mongo/data/shard11
shard2: /home/mongo/data/shard21
config1: /home/mongo/data/config
mongos
server2(192.168.1.68):
shard1: /home/mongo/data/shard12
shard2: /home/mongo/data/shard22
config2: /home/mongo/data/config
mongos
Note: server1 & server2 set up to Replica Sets.

5 directories, 31 files

3. Configuring the Replica Sets
1) Start shard1 replica set
# /home/mongo/bin/mongo -port 10000 -host 192.168.1.67 > config = {_id:'shard1',members:[{_id: 0, host: '192.168.1.67:10000'},{_id: 1, host: '192.168.1.68:10000'}]} > rs.initiate(config);
2) Start shard2 replica set
# /home/mongo/bin/mongo -port 10000 -host 192.168.1.67 > config = {_id:'shard2',members:[{_id: 0, host: '192.168.1.67:10001'},{_id: 1, host: '192.168.1.68:10001'}]} > rs.initiate(config);

4. Mongo start scripts
1) server1
# cat /home/mongo/bin/mongo.start.sh /home/mongo/bin/mongod -shardsvr -replSet shard1 -port 10000 -dbpath /home/mongo/data/shard11 -oplogSize 100 -logpath /home/mongo/data/shard11/shard11.log -fork /home/mongo/bin/mongod -shardsvr -replSet shard2 -port 10001 -dbpath /home/mongo/data/shard21 -oplogSize 100 -logpath /home/mongo/data/shard21/shard21.log -fork /home/mongo/bin/mongod -configsvr -dbpath /home/mongo/data/config -port 20000 -logpath /home/mongo/data/config/config.log -logappend -fork /home/mongo/bin/mongos -configdb 192.168.1.67:20000 -port 30000 -chunkSize 5 -logpath /home/mongo/data/mongos.log -logappend -fork
2) server2
# cat /home/mongo/bin/mongo.start.sh /home/mongo/bin/mongod -shardsvr -replSet shard1 -port 10000 -dbpath /home/mongo/data/shard12 -oplogSize 100 -logpath /home/mongo/data/shard12/shard12.log -fork /home/mongo/bin/mongod -shardsvr -replSet shard2 -port 10001 -dbpath /home/mongo/data/shard22 -oplogSize 100 -logpath /home/mongo/data/shard22/shard22.log -fork /home/mongo/bin/mongod -configsvr -dbpath /home/mongo/data/config -port 20000 -logpath /home/mongo/data/config/config.log -logappend -fork /home/mongo/bin/mongos -configdb 192.168.1.67:20000 -port 30000 -chunkSize 5 -logpath /home/mongo/data/mongos.log -logappend -fork
Note: mongos only use 1 or 3 configdb.

5. Configuring the Shard Cluster
# /home/mongo/bin/mongo 192.168.1.67:30000/admin > db admin > db.runCommand({addshard:"shard1/192.168.1.67:10000,192.168.1.68:10000", name:"s1", maxsize:20480}); { "shardAdded" : "s1", "ok" : 1 } > db.runCommand({addshard:"shard2/192.168.1.67:10001,192.168.1.68:10001", name:"s2", maxsize:20480}); { "shardAdded" : "s2", "ok" : 1 } > db.runCommand({listshards:1}) { "shards" : [ { "_id" : "s1", "host" : "shard1/192.168.1.67:10000,192.168.1.68:10000" }, { "_id" : "s2", "host" : "shard2/192.168.1.67:10001,192.168.1.68:10001" } ], "ok" : 1 } > db.runCommand({enablesharding:"test_database"}) { "ok" : 1 }

Refer to:
1. 配置mongodb分片群集(sharding cluster)
2. MongoDB shard replica config/ 分片复制配置

Howto: FFmpeg build in Windows & Linux

star — Wed, 06 Apr 2011 02:17:54 +0000

FFmpeg is a complete, cross-platform solution to record, convert and stream audio and video. It includes libavcodec – the leading audio/video codec library.

Homepage: http://ffmpeg.org/

1. Linux
Test release: http://ffmpeg.org/releases/ffmpeg-0.6.2.tar.gz
# cd ~/ffmpeg # wget http://ffmpeg.org/releases/ffmpeg-0.6.2.tar.gz # tar zxvf ffmpeg-0.6.2.tar.gz # cd ffmpeg-0.6.2 # ./configure # make
Example code: ～/ffmpeg/ffmpeg-0.6.2/libavcodec/api-example.c
# cd ~/ffmpeg/ffmpeg-0.6.2 # cp ./lib*/*.a . # cp ./libavcodec/api-example.c . # touch Makefile.test
Test Makefile:
CC=gcc CFLAGS=-I. -L. -L/usr/lib -lm -lz -lavdevice -lavfilter -lavformat -lavcodec -lpostproc -lswscale -lavutil

OBJECTS = api-example.o

all: api-example


api-example: $(OBJECTS)

$(CC) -o api-example $(OBJECTS) $(CFLAGS)
api-example.o: api-example.c

$(CC) -c api-example.c $(CFLAGS)

.PHONY: clean clean: -rm -rf $(OBJECTS) api-example
Note: we should modify the directory of the include files!

2. Windows
Windows builds: http://hawkeye.arrozcru.org/
Test release: http://hawkeye.arrozcru.org/builds/32-bit/dev/ffmpeg-git-8b8bf89-32-bit-dev.7z

Example code:
unzip ffmpeg-git-8b8bf89-32-bit-dev.7z into the following directory.
c:\project\ffmpeg\test.win> dir api-example.c Makefile.win doc include lib
Note: include the “include” & “lib” in the project, modify the directory of the include files!

Howto: usage of tools

star — Wed, 23 Feb 2011 09:31:02 +0000

yum下载不按照RPM包

Refer to: http://297020555.blog.51cto.com/1396304/477757

1. 首先安装yum-downloadonly
yum install yum-downloadonly

2. 只下载不安装
yum update httpd -y –downloadonly

3. 只下载到指定目录，但不安装
yum update httpd -y –downloadonly –downloaddir=/opt

Howto: Voip Performance test – SIPp

star — Mon, 21 Feb 2011 06:26:21 +0000

Homepage: http://sipp.sourceforge.net/

测试软件
SIPp v3.2-TLS-PCAP, version unknown, built Feb 17 2011, 10:19:21.

安装编译：
下载源代码后重新编译
# wget http://sourceforge.net/projects/sipp/files/sipp/3.2/sipp.svn.tar.gz/download?use_mirror=ncu
# tar zxvf sipp.svn.tar.gz
# cd sipp.svn
# make pcapplay_ossl

备注：测试RTP需要pcap包，测试认证需要OpenSSL包，e.g.
* C++ Compiler
* curses or ncurses library
* For authentication and TLS support: OpenSSL >= 0.9.8
* For pcap play support: libpcap and libnet
* For distributed pauses: Gnu Scientific Libraries

测试脚本命令
sipp -sf meeting.xml -inf meeting.csv -l 60 -m 60 -i 192.168.1.67 192.168.1.40:5060

测试流程
1. 创建会议接入号：10000；
2. 创建会议：123456，密码：123；

SIPp UAC MCU
|(1) INVITE |
|——————>|
|(2) 100 (optional) |
|<——————|
|(3) 183 (optional) |
|<——————|
|(4) 200 |
|<——————|
|(5) ACK |
|——————>|
| |
|(6) RFC2833 DIGIT |
| (123456#) |
| |
|==================>|
|(7) RFC2833 DIGIT |
| |
| (123#) |
|==================>|
| |
|(8) RTP send (600s)|
|==================>|
| |
|(9) BYE |
|——————>|
|(10) 200 |
|<——————|

相关脚本：
gennum.sh
#!/bin/bash echo "SEQUENTIAL" > meeting.csv i=80000 while [ $i != 89999 ] do i=$(($i+1)) echo "$i;10000" >>meeting.csv # j=$(($i+1)) #echo "$i;[authentication username=$i password=$i]" >>meeting.csv done

meeting.csv
SEQUENTIAL 80001;10000 80002;10000 80003;10000

meeting.sh
./sipp -sf meeting.xml -inf meeting.csv -p 10000 -l 60 -m 10000 -i 192.168.1.67 192.168.1.40:15060

meeting.xml
参考uac_pcap.xml

Refer to:
SIP压力测试最好的工具，SIPp的安装与使用

Howto: MySQL Master Slave Configuration

star — Sat, 12 Feb 2011 03:33:08 +0000

Mysql Master-Slave configuration

网络环境

主服务器：server1, 192.168.2.231

备份服务器：server2, 192.168.1.78

配置主备数据库

创建同步用户

在主数据库上创建同步用户，以便该帐号可以访问主数据库。

e.g.

mysql> GRANT REPLICATION SLAVE ON *.* TO ‘repl’@’192.168.1.78′ IDENTIFIED BY ’123456′;

验证方法，可以登录到备份服务器使用下面的命令访问主服务器，如果可以访问说明配置正确：

# mysql –u repl –p –h 192.168.2.231

修改数据库配置文件

注意：所有服务器的server-id不能相同！！！

1. 修改主配置文件

# vi /etc/my.cnf

[mysqld]

log-bin=mysql-bin

server-id=1 # 1 – 2^32-1

2. 修改备配置文件

# vi /etc/my.cnf

[mysqld]

server-id=101 # 1 – 2^32-1

3. 重启主备数据库

# service mysqld restart

备份主数据库文件并导入备份数据库（方法一）

注意：确认主数据库不被修改！！！

1. 主服务器上操作：

备份数据库

# mysqldump –all-databases > /root/mysql-backup.sql

打包备份文件

# tar czvf /root/mysql-backup.tar.gz /root/mysql-backup.sql

复制到备份服务器

# scp /root/mysql-backup.tar.gz root@server2:/root/

2. 备份服务器上操作：

解压备份文件

# cd /root

# tar zxvf /root/mysql-backup.tar.gz

导入到备份数据库

# mysql –u roo –p < /root/mysql-backup.sql

备份主数据库文件并导入备份数据库（方法二）

1. 主服务器上操作：

锁定数据库只读

mysql> FLUSH TABLES WITH READ LOCK;

不要退出上面的命令，备份数据库文件

# tar zcvf /root/backup.tar.gz /var/lib/mysql

复制到备份服务器

# scp /root/ backup.tar.gz root@server2:/root/

记录master状态

mysql> SHOW MASTER STATUS;

释放数据库锁

mysql> UNLOCK TABLES;

2. 备份服务器上操作：

停止mysql服务

# service mysqld stop

解压备份文件

# cd /var/lib/mysql

# tar zxvf /root/mysql-backup.tar.gz

启动mysql服务

# service mysqld start

配置主备同步

查看主数据库状态

查看master状态，记录下File和Position

mysql> show master status;

| mysql-bin.000001 | 72267996 | | |

设置Master，查看备份数据库状态

1. 设置Master

mysql> CHANGE MASTER TO MASTER_HOST=’192.168.2.231′, MASTER_USER=’repl’, MASTER_PASSWORD=’123456′, MASTER_LOG_FILE=’mysql-bin.000001′, MASTER_LOG_POS=72267996;

2. 查看slave状态

mysql> show slave status;

| Connecting to master | 192.168.2.231 | repl | 3306 | 60 | mysql-bin.000001 | 72267996 | mysqld-relay-bin.000001 | 98 | mysql-bin.000001 | No | Yes | | | | | | | 0 | | 0 | 72267996 | 98 | None | | 0 | No | | | | | | NULL |

3. 启动slave

mysql> start slave;

4. 验证同步状态

检查主数据库进程状态，共1个同步进程

mysql> show processlist;

检查备份数据库进程状态，共2个同步进程

mysql> show processlist;

修改主数据库数据，然后在备份数据库查看备份数据库是否也修改成功。

FAQ

Q1：同步数据库启动失败？

# tail -f /var/log/mysqld.log

101117 12:52:25 mysqld started

101117 12:52:25 InnoDB: Started; log sequence number 0 8769907

101117 12:52:25 [Note] /usr/libexec/mysqld: ready for connections.

Version: ’5.0.22′ socket: ‘/var/lib/mysql/mysql.sock’ port: 3306 Source distribution

101117 12:56:50 [Warning] Neither –relay-log nor –relay-log-index were used; so replication may break when this MySQL server acts as a slave and has his hostname changed!! Please use ‘–relay-log=hzserver2-relay-bin’ to avoid this problem.

101117 13:38:18 [Note] Slave SQL thread initialized, starting replication in log ‘FIRST’ at position 0, relay log ‘./hzserver2-relay-bin.000001′ position: 4

101117 13:38:18 [Note] Slave I/O thread: connected to master ‘repl@hzserver1:3306′, replication started in log ‘FIRST’ at position 4

101117 13:41:39 [Note] /usr/libexec/mysqld: Normal shutdown

101117 13:41:39 [Note] Slave I/O thread killed while reading event

101117 13:41:39 [Note] Slave I/O thread exiting, read up to log ‘hzserver1-bin.000001′, position 98

101117 13:41:39 [Note] Error reading relay log event: slave SQL thread was killed

101117 13:41:39 InnoDB: Starting shutdown…

101117 13:41:42 InnoDB: Shutdown completed; log sequence number 0 8769907

101117 13:41:42 [Note] /usr/libexec/mysqld: Shutdown complete

—————–

A1：修改启动脚本

增加启动项：’–relay-log=hzserver2-relay-bin’

# vi /etc/init.d/mysqld

/usr/bin/mysqld_safe –defaults-file=/etc/my.cnf –pid-file=”$mypidfile” –log-error=”$errlogfile” –relay-log=hzserver2-relay-bin>/dev/null 2>&1 &

参考资料

官方资料：

http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.5/en/replication-howto.html

如何设置MySQL同步(Replication)

http://blog.chinaitlab.com/html/30/104830-161852.html

MYSQL主从复制或双机互备

http://hi.baidu.com/ultimated_fantasy/blog/item/f6752d1843f9450034fa4148.html

Howto: 安装配置CentOS文件同步

star — Fri, 17 Dec 2010 03:32:54 +0000

Homepage: inotify-tools

master: the source host
slave: the destination host

1. Download inotify-tools package and installation

master # cd ~
master # wget https://github.com/downloads/rvoicilas/inotify-tools/inotify-tools-3.14.tar.gz
master # tar zxvf inotify-tools-3.14.tar.gz
master # cd inotify-tools-3.14
master # ./configure
master # make
master # make install

2. Generate the SSH KEY to access without the password

master # cd ~
master # ssh-keygen -t rsa # two files: id_rsa (private key) & id_rsa.pub (public key) in ~/.ssh/
master # scp ~/.ssh/id_rsa.pub root@slave:~/.ssh/
slave # cat ~/.ssh/id_rsa.pub >> ~/.ssh/authorized_keys
slave # service sshd restart

3. Create sync shell

master # cat /etc/rc.local
nohup /backup/scripts/sync.sh & > /dev/null 2>&1

master # cat /backup/scripts/sync.sh
#!/bin/sh ip="xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx yyy.yyy.yyy.yyy" # Add multiple IP address of slave hosts srcdir="/backup/" dstdir="/backup/" /usr/local/bin/inotifywait -mrq --timefmt '%d/%m/%y-%H:%M' --format '%T %w%f' -e modify,delete,create,attrib ${srcdir} \ | while read file do for i in $ip do rsync -aqztH --delete --progress ${srcdir} root@${i}:${dstdir} done done

Refer to:
Cent OS 5.4 rsync+inotify配置触发式(实时)远程同步

Howto: GTD tools

star — Wed, 10 Nov 2010 05:43:13 +0000

EverNote: win/mac/web & iPad/iPhone/Android/BlackBerry/Palm/WinMobile
DropBox: win/mac/linux & iphone/ipad/andriod/blackberry Blocked!
RTM (Remember The Milk): web
OmniFocus: mac/iphone/ipad, trial mode for 14 days
Things: mac/iphone/ipad

Refer to:
What is GTD
【幸福课】如何提高创作型任务的效率？（MAC版）
GTD软件工具列表

Howto: Translation

star — Wed, 10 Nov 2010 02:52:32 +0000

Gettext
Gettext 主页
 简介：是GNU国际化与本地化(i18n)函数库。它常被用于编写多语言程序。

xgettext: 源代码 => .pot模板文件
# xgettext –help
e.g.
# xgettext -LPHP /xxx/yyy/zzz.php

# xgettext --help Usage: xgettext [OPTION] [INPUTFILE]...


Extract translatable strings from given input files.
Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too.

Similarly for optional arguments.
Input file location:

  INPUTFILE ...               input files

  -f, --files-from=FILE       get list of input files from FILE

  -D, --directory=DIRECTORY   add DIRECTORY to list for input files search

If input file is -, standard input is read.
Output file location:

  -d, --default-domain=NAME   use NAME.po for output (instead of messages.po)

  -o, --output=FILE           write output to specified file

  -p, --output-dir=DIR        output files will be placed in directory DIR

If output file is -, output is written to standard output.
Choice of input file language:

  -L, --language=NAME         recognise the specified language

                                (C, C++, ObjectiveC, PO, Shell, Python, Lisp,

                                EmacsLisp, librep, Scheme, Smalltalk, Java,

                                JavaProperties, C#, awk, YCP, Tcl, Perl, PHP,

                                GCC-source, NXStringTable, RST, Glade)

  -C, --c++                   shorthand for --language=C++

By default the language is guessed depending on the input file name extension.
Input file interpretation:

      --from-code=NAME        encoding of input files

                                (except for Python, Tcl, Glade)

By default the input files are assumed to be in ASCII.
Operation mode:

  -j, --join-existing         join messages with existing file

  -x, --exclude-file=FILE.po  entries from FILE.po are not extracted

  -c, --add-comments[=TAG]    place comment block with TAG (or those

                              preceding keyword lines) in output file
Language specific options:

  -a, --extract-all           extract all strings

                                (only languages C, C++, ObjectiveC, Shell,

                                Python, Lisp, EmacsLisp, librep, Scheme, Java,

                                C#, awk, Tcl, Perl, PHP, GCC-source, Glade)

  -k, --keyword[=WORD]        additional keyword to be looked for (without

                              WORD means not to use default keywords)

                                (only languages C, C++, ObjectiveC, Shell,

                                Python, Lisp, EmacsLisp, librep, Scheme, Java,

                                C#, awk, Tcl, Perl, PHP, GCC-source, Glade)

      --flag=WORD:ARG:FLAG    additional flag for strings inside the argument

                              number ARG of keyword WORD

                                (only languages C, C++, ObjectiveC, Shell,

                                Python, Lisp, EmacsLisp, librep, Scheme, Java,

                                C#, awk, YCP, Tcl, Perl, PHP, GCC-source)

  -T, --trigraphs             understand ANSI C trigraphs for input

                                (only languages C, C++, ObjectiveC)

      --qt                    recognize Qt format strings

                                (only language C++)

      --debug                 more detailed formatstring recognition result
Output details:

  -e, --no-escape             do not use C escapes in output (default)

  -E, --escape                use C escapes in output, no extended chars

      --force-po              write PO file even if empty

  -i, --indent                write the .po file using indented style

      --no-location           do not write '#: filename:line' lines

  -n, --add-location          generate '#: filename:line' lines (default)

      --strict                write out strict Uniforum conforming .po file

      --properties-output     write out a Java .properties file

      --stringtable-output    write out a NeXTstep/GNUstep .strings file

  -w, --width=NUMBER          set output page width

      --no-wrap               do not break long message lines, longer than

                              the output page width, into several lines

  -s, --sort-output           generate sorted output

  -F, --sort-by-file          sort output by file location

      --omit-header           don't write header with `msgid ""' entry

      --copyright-holder=STRING  set copyright holder in output

      --foreign-user          omit FSF copyright in output for foreign user

      --msgid-bugs-address=EMAIL@ADDRESS  set report address for msgid bugs

  -m, --msgstr-prefix[=STRING]  use STRING or "" as prefix for msgstr entries

  -M, --msgstr-suffix[=STRING]  use STRING or "" as suffix for msgstr entries

Informative output: -h, --help display this help and exit -V, --version output version information and exit

msginit: .pot模板文件 => .po文件 (翻译者需要工作的对象)
# msginit –help
Creates a new PO file, initializing the meta information with values from the
user’s environment.

# msginit --help Usage: msginit [OPTION]


Creates a new PO file, initializing the meta information with values from the

user's environment.
Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too.
Input file location:

  -i, --input=INPUTFILE       input POT file

If no input file is given, the current directory is searched for the POT file.

If it is -, standard input is read.
Output file location:

  -o, --output-file=FILE      write output to specified PO file

If no output file is given, it depends on the --locale option or the user's

locale setting.  If it is -, the results are written to standard output.
Input file syntax:

  -P, --properties-input      input file is in Java .properties syntax

      --stringtable-input     input file is in NeXTstep/GNUstep .strings syntax
Output details:

  -l, --locale=LL_CC          set target locale

      --no-translator         assume the PO file is automatically generated

  -p, --properties-output     write out a Java .properties file

      --stringtable-output    write out a NeXTstep/GNUstep .strings file

  -w, --width=NUMBER          set output page width

      --no-wrap               do not break long message lines, longer than

                              the output page width, into several lines

Informative output: -h, --help display this help and exit -V, --version output version information and exit

msgfmt: .po文件 => 编译为.mo文件
# msgfmt –help
e.g.
# msgfmt /xxx/yyy/zzz.po
Note:
msgfmt: messages.po: warning: Charset “CHARSET” is not a portable encoding name.
You should update the “CHARSET” with “utf-8″ in zzz.po file.

# msgfmt --help Usage: msgfmt [OPTION] filename.po ...


Generate binary message catalog from textual translation description.
Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too.

Similarly for optional arguments.
Input file location:

  filename.po ...             input files

  -D, --directory=DIRECTORY   add DIRECTORY to list for input files search

If input file is -, standard input is read.
Operation mode:

  -j, --java                  Java mode: generate a Java ResourceBundle class

      --java2                 like --java, and assume Java2 (JDK 1.2 or higher)

      --csharp                C# mode: generate a .NET .dll file

      --csharp-resources      C# resources mode: generate a .NET .resources file

      --tcl                   Tcl mode: generate a tcl/msgcat .msg file

      --qt                    Qt mode: generate a Qt .qm file
Output file location:

  -o, --output-file=FILE      write output to specified file

      --strict                enable strict Uniforum mode

If output file is -, output is written to standard output.
Output file location in Java mode:

  -r, --resource=RESOURCE     resource name

  -l, --locale=LOCALE         locale name, either language or language_COUNTRY

  -d DIRECTORY                base directory of classes directory hierarchy

The class name is determined by appending the locale name to the resource name,

separated with an underscore.  The -d option is mandatory.  The class is

written under the specified directory.
Output file location in C# mode:

  -r, --resource=RESOURCE     resource name

  -l, --locale=LOCALE         locale name, either language or language_COUNTRY

  -d DIRECTORY                base directory for locale dependent .dll files

The -l and -d options are mandatory.  The .dll file is written in a

subdirectory of the specified directory whose name depends on the locale.
Output file location in Tcl mode:

  -l, --locale=LOCALE         locale name, either language or language_COUNTRY

  -d DIRECTORY                base directory of .msg message catalogs

The -l and -d options are mandatory.  The .msg file is written in the

specified directory.
Input file syntax:

  -P, --properties-input      input files are in Java .properties syntax

      --stringtable-input     input files are in NeXTstep/GNUstep .strings

                              syntax
Input file interpretation:

  -c, --check                 perform all the checks implied by

                                --check-format, --check-header, --check-domain

      --check-format          check language dependent format strings

      --check-header          verify presence and contents of the header entry

      --check-domain          check for conflicts between domain directives

                                and the --output-file option

  -C, --check-compatibility   check that GNU msgfmt behaves like X/Open msgfmt

      --check-accelerators[=CHAR]  check presence of keyboard accelerators for

                                menu items

  -f, --use-fuzzy             use fuzzy entries in output
Output details:

  -a, --alignment=NUMBER      align strings to NUMBER bytes (default: 1)

      --no-hash               binary file will not include the hash table

Informative output: -h, --help display this help and exit -V, --version output version information and exit --statistics print statistics about translations -v, --verbose increase verbosity level

备注：使用Unix类型操作系统的用户只需设置环境变量中的LC_MESSAGES，程序将自动从相应的.mo 文件中读取语言信息。

Mozilla
Mozilla的架构设计
 Creating Applications with Mozilla

DTD (.dtd)
Files containing entities that host the strings from XUL content files.
Property (.properties) or string bundles
Files containing strings that are accessed by JavaScript, C++, and possibly other scripting or component files.
RDF
RDF files are described in XML syntax, so use entities.
HTML and text
Suitable for long text, HTML and XML documents and other content that needs to be localized.